Confidential patient data accessible on the internet – a massive global data leak waiting to happen

Medical systems and processes in the healthcare sector are becoming increasingly digital. Medical providers and hospitals – like all other industries – are using internet technologies to speed up and improve the quality of the patient care they provide. Our new analysis of medical image archiving systems being used across the globe shows that this can go wrong.

The starting position

X-rays and other imaging methods such as CT and MRI scans are an integral part of everyday hospital life. These images help doctors and other professionals make accurate diagnoses, work out treatment plans as well as assess how effectively these treatments are working.

Hospitals use extensive image archiving systems known as PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication Systems) servers, to store and access these images. It has been known for some time that PACS servers are vulnerable. What was unknown until today is how large and widespread this global data leak actually is.

Put simply, this data leak affects a standard that was developed in the 1980s. This standard, called DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine), dictates how medical imaging devices are networked in order to exchange and archive information about patients and images. PACS servers use this standard, which includes the IP protocol. This means that these systems can also be found on the internet.

Our analysis looked at the IP addresses of PACS servers to see which were vulnerable, as well as assess how much confidential patient data is readily available on the internet today.

The weaknesses

As soon as a system or device is connected to the public internet, questions arise about how to protect them from unauthorized access. One key question is ‘who is authorized to use the system and how is this access enforced?’ As PACS servers store highly confidential data pertaining to the medical records of individuals, access should be heavily restricted so that only certain personnel can view it. However, for many of the archiving systems included in this study, nothing could be further for the truth. Anyone can access a significant number of these systems and, what’s more, they can see everything that’s stored on them.

In particular, these vulnerable archives contain sensitive medical and personal information for millions of people worldwide. Names, dates of birth, dates and details of examinations, , treating physicians, clinics, and the scans themselves are searchable and, in some cases, available to download. In the US, these data sets also include some Social Security Numbers.

This data is accessible because of the careless configuration of these systems. Many have no protection, aren’t password protected or encrypted; indeed, even regular, everyday internet users could gain access with a few simple actions.

Greenbone did not have to write any special code to see what patient data was accessible, nor did any software vulnerability have to be exploited, or a zero-day attack carried out. As such, you don’t need to be a hacker to gain access to this highly sensitive data, it’s all visible with the help of freely available tools. To view and – if desired – download this data, you only need a list of IPs and a corresponding viewer. Both are available for download on the net.

The extent of the problem

The number of accessible patient records is frightening. Altogether, we unearthed more than 24 million records which, combined linked to more than 700 million images. Of these scans, 400 million were actually downloadable. These unprotected systems are located in 52 countries around the world. In addition to the general “openness” of the systems, they also have thousands of “real” vulnerabilities, i.e. outdated web server versions and vulnerable database instances. In some cases, the PACS servers even allow patient data and images to be viewed via http and a web browser.

The report

Greenbone has written a complete report which can be downloaded here [2]. The report contains further summaries of the overall situation, an analysis of the hazard potential associated with this data leak, and an estimate of the potential price of this dataset on the Darknet. The white paper [3] is suitable for a deeper introduction into the digital resilience of critical infrastructures, which include the health sector.

Due to the sensitivity of the data, in order to comply with data protection regulations in each country, and as a way not to encourage attacks, we are only disclosing the details of the individual vulnerable systems to authorized bodies.

Note:
We have not downloaded datasets, archives or any other available information, even though this would have been possible at any time. Instead, our report focuses on the number of records that are visible on, or could have been downloaded from, vulnerable servers.

[1] McAfee.com and CT-GAN: Malicious Tampering of 3D Medical Imagery using Deep Learning

[2] Greenbone Security Report – Confidential patient data freely accessible on the internet

[3] Greenbone Whitepaper – Health Sector

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Are cyber weapons worth it?

Are cyber weapons worth it? A look at the economics of hacking back

On 12 May 2017, WannaCry was released into the wild and an epic story began to unfold.

Spawned from a cyber weapon that had been lost by a government agency, WannaCry was a major wake up call for industries around the globe, reminding them in the very loudest way possible that their dependency on tech carries existential risks to their operations.

Yet despite the fallout of WannaCry, governments still contemplate the idea of collecting, storing and using cyber weapons for so-called ‘hack backs’, where they counter-attack an adversary to destroy, disable or snoop on their servers and data.

This grey market for vulnerabilities and cyber weapons is already a highly lucrative one. To provide some context, potent vulnerabilities and their related exploits already reach (and can even exceed) sums of $1m if they target Windows desktops and servers. The figure can double for exploits affecting mobile devices (notably, Apple). 

If governments follow through with their plans to ‘hack back’, we can expect this market to become even more profitable in the future.

The story of EternalBlue

Eternal Blue, was name given to a Microsoft vulnerability ‘discovered’ by the National Security Agency at some point in 2011 or 2012. The NSA didn’t share its knowledge of the vulnerability with Microsoft, at least not until it was forced to.

By mid-2016, information about the vulnerability and how it can be exploited had somehow been lost by the NSA, and leaked to a hacking group called Shadow Brokers. Shadow Brokers tried (unsuccessfully) to sell this information in August 2016, deciding to publish the files around the turn of the year.

With the cat out of the bag, the NSA’s hand was forced. It had little choice but to come clean about the vulnerability. It informed Microsoft about EternalBlue in March 2017 and, mid-way through the same month, Microsoft released a series of patches to plug the exploit.

Fast forward to almost two months later; WannaCry was wreaking havoc on many organisations all across the globe, exploiting this very same vulnerability. News channels, TV and radio stations, online media, all covered the immediate impact and fallout. Some were even impacted themselves.

It’s been reported that WannaCry and other malware variants exploiting EternalBlue – NotPetya being perhaps the next most famous – caused $9bn worth of damage in just one year. The world’s largest shipping company, Maersk, was hit to the tune of $300m, while costs to the UK National Health Services (NHS) exceeded $100m.

There were many other victims too. Airplane maker, Boeing, was hit in March 2018, while chip manufacturer TSMC fell victim in August 2018. Indeed, TSMC estimated it suffered $170m worth of damage; a figure that can be added to the $9bn total price tag mentioned earlier.

The story of EternalBlue isn’t over yet. Research indicates that millions of computers connected to the internet are still vulnerable.

The economics of the cyber weapons market

There’s no doubt that spending time and money on finding vulnerabilities is financially rewarding. Take the CryptoWall virus – in all its various guises – as an example. CryptoWall v3 alone has generated ‘revenues’ of more than $325m.

The business model and margins in the retail and wholesale of cyber weapons, not to mention the revenue opportunities from offering ‘Cybercrime-as-a-Service’, don’t just make economic sense; they are relatively risk free. Different countries’ cyber legislation is so diverse that a cybercriminal can operate from a safe harbour without fear of prosecution or extradition.

As already stated, vulnerabilities that fulfill certain criteria are particularly sought after and large sums are paid for them. The easier it is to use and the more systems and devices it will affect, the better. In turn, the higher the price it will command.

Selling a high-profile vulnerability to a single user seems to be the least profitable way of running this ‘business’. Instead, the seller will more likely try to sell a vulnerability more than once. On the flipside, any buyer – regardless of their motivation for making the purchase – will want exclusive use of the vulnerability. Requests for exclusivity will increase the price tag placed on any vulnerability. There are no documented cases for this, but an educated guess would suggest the price would go up by a factor of ten, or even more.

If a vulnerability is sold to multiple customers or governments (it doesn’t matter whether they are allies as this can quickly change in politics), the likelihood of losing the vulnerability due to leaks or because it is discovered in the wild is large. That will put deflationary pressure on the price tag and the seller has to maintain a balance between how often a vulnerability is sold and the money requested for it from each buyer.

A game-changing approach is to build up a service model around vulnerabilities. Instead of selling the vulnerability, the cybercriminal licenses its use, simply by providing a platform for ransomware or botnets. This shared use of a vulnerability by many, with all buyers paying a ‘fair’ share (up to 50%) of their own returns to the platform provider, is the modern way of running a cybercrime business. The actors behind this can afford to pay the developers maintaining the platform (even adopting an ‘Amazon’-style approach with recommendations written by happy users) and can also pay for hackers to search for new vulnerabilities, thereby increasing the platform’s coverage and usability.

There are many examples of these ‘as-a-service’ platforms, called CERBER, SATAN, or DOT. It is difficult to gauge their success. But the figures discussed around CryptoWall give some indication of the amount of money that is on the table.

State-sanctioned, state-sponsored, or state-owned

The relationship between these actors and nation states must be put under the microscope.

It makes no difference whether these actors are owned and directed by a government, whether they are funded by a government but act outside the legal controls of an agency setup, or whether they are state-sanctioned. Whatever the nature of the relationship, they have some sort of motivation to support a certain government’s political goals.

Every state-driven actor must maintain its own list of cyber weapons to use as and when needed. There is an intrinsic danger to this, as EternalBlue depicts. Even if that actor is able to maintain the secrecy of such an exploit (and history suggests secrets tend to surface), there will always be other state actors doing exactly the same thing, looking for the same high-profile vulnerabilities to use.

Governments must question whether the likely costs of their societies being impacted by a vulnerability, which once was or still is a national secret, outweigh the benefits of keeping it. There are many government committees around the world discussing the pros and cons of hacking back and keeping vulnerabilities undisclosed. Those in favour cite ‘interests of national security,’ yet what happens if an undisclosed vulnerability – that was previous known to the state – turns against its own critical infrastructure? This is exactly what happened with EternalBlue and WannaCry, but perhaps those lessons have still to be learnt.

Is it worth keeping cyber weapons? A look at the maths

Estimating the global damage of cybercrime each year is not easy, but figures exist. One figure cited is in the range of $6tn, a figure with 12 zeros. Given that cybercrime hits corporate revenues and profits, it follows that this will have a knock-on effect on the amount of corporation tax governments can collect – currently $1.3tn globally.

The maths can be simplified like this:

$6tn in damage multiplied by an average corporate income tax rate of 22 percent, equals $1.32tn in taxes not realized due to reduced income related to damages or costs incurred.

Interestingly the total budget of the five largest western economies is $12.3tn, while their combined budget deficit is $1.23tn.

Is it worth keeping cyber weapons? Given these numbers, the answer must be no.

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5 reasons why telecoms providers should rely on sustainable cyber resilience

Companies from the IT and telecommunications sector, which are operating critical infrastructures, are top targets for hackers. They therefore need to be as secure as possible. This is where sustainable cyber resilience comes in.

Sustainable cyber resilience is a vital defence against cyberattacks. But what exactly does that mean?

It’s become clear that companies can no longer afford to take reactive measures to protect themselves from hackers. They must minimise their attack surface from the outset and, at the same time, ensure that their systems remain operational even in the event of a cyberattack. The sustainable cyber resilience concept goes one step further than IT security and includes both technological and strategic measures. On the technical side, it is necessary to identify and assess risks and close weak points. On the strategic side, business and IT departments must work closely together to make the resilience processes a top priority.

Here are Greenbone Networks’ top five reasons why sustainable cyber resilience is essential for telecoms providers today:

1. Cyberattacks on telecoms companies are on the rise
Ponemon Institute estimates that nine out of ten critical infrastructures have suffered an attack over the past two years. The telecoms sector is particularly at risk, with attacks coming from all sides, including government agencies establishing covert surveillance and cyber criminals in search of highly valuable personal customer data. Indeed, especially with the introduction of 5G and suspicions (rightly or wrongly) surrounding the use of Huawei equipment, UK telecoms providers have been urged to strengthen their cyber security defences by the NCSC to fend off the growing number of attacks.

2. Telecommunications connect all critical infrastructure sectors
If the telecoms infrastructure fails, other critical sectors will also be affected. Many control systems in energy and water utilities can’t function if they can’t transmit or exchange data. The financial system would come to a standstill; so too would the healthcare system. A telecoms sector that is resistant to cyberattacks is absolutely vital to every walk of society.

3. The target area of telecoms infrastructures is becoming larger
As a result of digitisation, more and more telecoms services have shifted to IP networks. The classic fixed network has become obsolete. Telephony, internet, TV and video streaming are now all IP-based. As a result, communication networks and server systems are becoming increasingly unified. But this also means that hackers can cause massive damage by attacking the IP network. Furthermore, mobile is becoming increasingly important. Many IoT devices use mobile networks and, as a result, cybercriminals have more and more points of attack. The new 5G mobile communications standard will bring even more technical complexity and, with it, the need for new IT security requirements.

4. Nested responsibilities make security more difficult
Many different companies and subcontractors are often involved in telecoms infrastructures. Some of them are located in different countries. Whilst this makes it difficult to provide security it also means that it is all the more important to establish a uniform, consistent level of protection with a resilience concept.

5. The EU NIS Directive makes resilience building blocks mandatory
Since May 2018, critical infrastructure companies in the telecoms sector have been obliged to provide evidence of suitable technical and organisational measures to protect against cybercrime. This is prescribed by the EU NIS Directive. ISO 27001 certification provides a good blueprint for resilience. Among other items, it mandates vulnerability management, an important cornerstone of sustainable cyber resilience.

Minimising risks with sustainable resilience
It’s not for nothing that attacks on telecoms infrastructures are so popular with hackers. Here they find a growing, complex attack surface on which they can cause great damage. ICT companies should therefore do everything they can to make their systems sustainably resilient. For a comprehensive concept of Sustainable Cyber Resilience, ICT companies must take the appropriate technical and organisational measures.

This includes vulnerability management.

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Update: Emotet malware now emulates email conversations, making it even more believable

As feared by many security experts, Emotet has learned something new – again. As reported by CERT-Bund on Twitter, the malware is now capable of creating authentic replies to existing emails, encouraging unsuspecting recipients to open infected attachments or click on fake links.

The German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) has, in the past, issued several warnings about the Emotet malware, which spreads by sending credible-looking spam emails from an infected account to address book contacts. Once it has infected a system, the malware can generate further malicious code, with possible dire consequences for companies. It could cause a halt in production or a complete infrastructure failure, and may even require company networks to be rebuilt entirely.

Hackers have now made the malware even more sophisticated. Indeed, CERT-Bund tweeted that Emotet no longer only uses the sender’s addresses, but can also produce fake replies to emails by making use of ‘read message’ content. It also embeds authentic links to the domain of the supposed sender. The malware makes use of “spear phishing” techniques in which information about the victim’s contacts and communication behaviour is collected in order to create as authentic an email response as possible with malicious code attached. Emotet has automated this process and is therefore able to send a huge amount of authentic emails in a short space of time, spreading malware at high speed.

Even though this malware is becoming more sophisticated, organisations still have an opportunity to act and protect themselves before it’s too late.

Companies can and should deploy counteractive measures

On a technical level, taking a closer look at the structure of malware reveals that there are fundamental ways to protect against an attack. The Emotet infection process uses a number of elements that a resilient infrastructure with a flexible and preventive security architecture can defend against. Having this resilience in place means that the infection is not transmitted immediately, for example, when the email recipient opens an attachment, but only when the associated macros in the attached file, such as a Word document, are executed. This means that with standard MS Office settings, a user must manually activate the malware in the attachment in order to transfer it to the network.

What’s more, most employees don’t even need macros for normal day-to-day business. It is therefore advisable to deactivate them completely by default, preventing manual execution by assigning the appropriate rights. A good vulnerability management tool can help here as they can help identify and manage which user accounts can allow the execution of macros. The same is true for PowerShell or administrator rights, as these are also required for Emotet to load.

Detect reloading of Emotet tools

Even if Emotet has already infected the IT system, there are still defence measures that can be put in place. For example, the malware reloads various tools to spy on access data or encrypted data. These standard tools can be used as indicators of compromise. A vulnerability management tool such as the Greenbone Security Manager can also be used to determine whether reloaded Emotet tools are active in the company’s own IT infrastructure.

Emotet is also distributed from the infected system via the so-called SMB vulnerability, which was made infamous in the WannaCry and Eternal Blue attacks. This vulnerability can be closed with the corresponding update but after the WannaCry outbreak (although many companies made their networks inaccessible to SMB communication from the outside), not all secured their internal communications. Here an examination to pinpoint corresponding weak points is the best way to find any gaps in the system.

Conclusion: Small security measures have a big impact

Large-scale computer failures caused by the Emotet malware can have catastrophic consequences, especially for critical infrastructures such as hospitals as they not only cause economic damage, but also pose a threat to people. Organisations should therefore act before it’s too late and protect their IT infrastructures in the best possible way. To become resistant to phishing attacks from advanced malware such as the new Emotet type, a few coordinated measures, such as deactivating unnecessary macros and closing known vulnerabilities as quickly as possible, are often enough.

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Dates fixed for new Greenbone OS releases

New OS versions to be released on April 30th and October 31st every year

In 2019, we will be switching to a new release scheme for updated versions of the Greenbone OS – the Greenbone Security Manager (GSM) operating system – with fixed release dates every year, giving our customers, partners, and the Greenbone development team more planning certainty.

The new fixed dates will be April 30th and October 31st each year. However, during 2019, as we transition to this new scheme, we will introduce GOS 5.0 in two staged releases, with ENTRY/SME scheduled for April 30th and MIDRANGE/ENTERPRISE/SENSOR set for June 30th. GOS 6.0 will then be released for all GSM devices in a single step in accordance with the new scheme. From 2020 onwards, the new time-based release system will apply in full.

The scheme is based on hard deadlines for new features, new GSM types and new hardware. If a feature does not make it to a release date, it will be included in the subsequent release.


OS updates tested over one-month phase in the Greenbone community

In addition, our Greenbone Vulnerability Management (GVM) system will undergo a one-month test phase in conjunction with each GOS release. Before the April 30th and October 31st release dates, the Source Edition will be made available on the GVM system within the Greenbone community. As a result, any bugs can be found and eliminated before our customers and partners put the new GOS into operation.

Another advantage of having two new major OS versions per year is that our customers can benefit from our latest innovations much more quickly. Users will be able to jump to new GOS versions faster, either every six months on the official release dates (our innovation cycle), or every 12 months during a three-month migration phase (May/June/July or November/December/January) when they can skip a GOS generation (a more conservative cycle).

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Serious vulnerability discovered in D-Link routers

Serious vulnerability discovered in D-Link routers

UPDATE: patch available for users on D-Link support pages

In November 2018, Greenbone discovered a serious security vulnerability in D-Link routers and drew the company’s attention to it. The vulnerability is easy for hackers to exploit and allows unauthorised access to networks. There is now a patch available from the vendor. Greenbone has been offering its customers a vulnerability test (NVT) as part of its daily security feed since the end of last year.

Routers are pivotal to both home and business networks. They establish an Internet connection for connected laptops and PCs, and also for smart home and industrial applications. But even though so many components of a network converge here, router security is not always adequate. For example, last year, researchers at the American Consumer Institute found known vulnerabilities in 83 percent of the routers it examined as part of the study. Hackers can use these vulnerabilities to gain access to the device itself and therefore to the entire network. In total, the researchers counted more than 30,000 separate vulnerabilities – 7 percent of which represented a critical risk, while 21 percent were high risk.

Design errors make the DWR and DAP models vulnerable to attack

In addition to the already known vulnerabilities in routers, new ones are being found on a near constant basis. In November 2018, Greenbone security researchers found a serious vulnerability in various D-Link routers, particularly the DWR and DAP models. Described as an “Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution”, the vulnerability is a security hole where an attacker can execute commands on the router without any authentication. In the case of the D-Link routers, a hacker can even obtain full administrative rights. It is very likely that the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) will award the highest possible CVSS rating (Common Vulnerability Scoring System) of 10.0.

The cause is probably a design flaw. In the devices we tested, we found an executable file called “EXCU_SHELL” that can be selected from the web browser using a so-called GET request. This is responsible for some useful (yet harmless) operations, such as displaying information about the installed firmware. But if you adjust some of the file’s parameters, it is possible to insert and execute arbitrary commands.

Access to routers without authentication possible

D-Link is one of the top vendors in the global wireless router market and was the market leader in 2017, with a market share of 24.1 percent.

But it’s not just the potential number of customers that could be impacted that make this vulnerability significant.  According to the CVSS basic score calculator, the severity of the vulnerability is high and relatively easy to exploit. The “EXCU_SHELL” file is not password-protected and hackers can therefore access the router and the associated network without authentication. Once infiltrated, all incoming and outgoing Internet traffic can be viewed, modified and controlled. It may even be possible for hackers to spread malware.

With smart home and IoT technologies, such vulnerabilities cause considerable damage. Hackers can open the door to critical infrastructures, such as health care facilities or energy suppliers.

D-Link publishes security update on March 19, 2019

Greenbone reported the vulnerability to D-Link last November. The manufacturer was responsive throughout the process and asked us to take over the CVE application. The D-Link website now provides information for customers and a patch has been made available.

After more than 90 days that have passed since the vulnerability was discovered – the deadline expired on February 11, 2019 – we were acting in accordance with Responsible Disclosure and published all available information to protect users. For Greenbone customers, the gap has been visible via the daily security feed since November 2018.

Manufacturers must act

Given the sheer number of security vulnerabilities on routers, closing the D-Link gap is certainly just a drop in the ocean. While the number of vulnerabilities is intimidating, placing your head in the sand is not an option. Focus must be placed on persuading (or, in some cases, forcing) as many manufacturers as possible to secure their routers.

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EU directive: Cyber-resilience of critical national infrastructure now fundamental to UK security and excellence

The EU directive on the security of Network and Information Systems (NIS) was approved in August 2016, giving member states 21 months to embed the directive into their respective national laws. The directive became UK law in May this year and all organizations deemed ‘Operators of Essential Services’ (OES) must have complied and will do so from this date forward – if they fail they could face a fine of up to £17m.

A matter of vulnerability management

With the directive now in place, each state needs to ensure the continuity of their essential services besides any cause that could affect the networks and information systems enabling  those critical infrastructures. What this really means is that those services need to improve not only their resistance to cyber attacks, but their resilience which refers to the ability to continuously deliver the intended business objective despite adverse cyber events.

Critical infrastructures – example transportation systems

Critical infrastructures, like energy, health, finance and transportation, share one common prerequisite: they mostly consist of converged technologies. It is this interdependency of industry control systems (ICS) and IT systems that increase the attack surface drastically. A major element of resilience as I mentioned above, then, is to minimize the attack surface of the overall infrastructure by identifying vulnerabilities which could be exploited by an adversary. So far, so good. But how do organizations tackle this?

We have outlined information on steps organizations need to take to address their vulnerabilities – taking into account their business needs at all times. The first issue in a series of whitepapers to come from us looks at the systems and processes of the transportation industry. In the light of the new EU directive, how can internal security guidelines be changed due to the new regulations?

Learn more: Download our Whitepaper ‘Sustainable Cyber Resilience for Critical Infrastructures – Transportation Systems and Networks’ here for free.

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After Privacy Shield: EU Parliament again advises suspension of data transfer to the US

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On July 5, 2018, the European Union Parliament advised the EU Commission to suspend the so-called EU-US Privacy Shield. This renews and hardens the EU Parliament’s position on Privacy Shield’s privacy policy for US companies, that process and store data of EU citizens. Already in October 2017, the European Parliament published a list of 10 recommendations, which pointed to gaps and weaknesses in the Privacy Shield.

In its recommendation to the EU Commission, the Parliament pointed out that the US administration has failed to implement two core elements of the Privacy Shield. For example, there is still no ombudsman who leads the U.S. Privacy Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB), let alone any other members in this board. Thus, EU citizens lack a contact person in the event of data breaches and thus the ability to make their own rights in the US heard at all.

Privacy Shield replaces Safe Harbor

As a reminder, Privacy Shield was introduced as a replacement for the Safe Harbor Agreement. Safe Harbor fell because the European Court of Justice granted the claim of the Austrian lawyer Maximilian Schrems in 2015. The Safe Harbor rules should create a ‘safe data port’ for sensitive data outside the EU, so that this data can be processed for example in the US. Triggered by the Snowden publications (notably PRISM), this agreement was reviewed and finally replaced by Privacy Shield.

EU Parliament confirms assessment: Sensitive data is not safe at US companies

As explained in my last blog post, sensitive but also security-relevant data of a company should not leave Europe. Parliament’s assessment reinforces the urgency of data protection. Security-related data such as intellectual property or administrative access such as domain passwords should not be given to cloud providers in the US. The Cloud Act and Privacy Shield are incompatible.

More information on the resolution of the European Parliament is published here, an analysis can be found here.

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US Cloud Act endangers IT Security

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In March of this year, the US Congress passed the so-called Cloud Act. This allows US authorities worldwide access to data from US companies – even if their servers are located in the EU. For this reason, the IT Security of companies who store data with US providers is at stake.

The so-called “Cloud Act” (Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act) commits US companies to provide data to US authorities on request, irrespective of location. US legislation thus places American law in an EU member state above EU law. Therefore, US companies are in a dilemma in future: if they deny access, they break American law and vice versa European.

Microsoft fought and lost

One of the reasons for the decision was Microsoft. The matter goes back to 2013. At that time, the US Department of Justice investigated drug crime and asked Microsoft for access to a suspect’s e-mail account. However, as the server with the data was in Ireland, Microsoft invalidated the search warrant. It came to a process that Microsoft lost in the first instance and won second place. Due to the new Cloud Act, this case has now been declared done. The question of how an acceptable solution between the US and the EU or the individual member states can look like is currently being discussed.

Sensitive Data are no longer safe at US companies

But what does that mean for companies, that uses services by US companies? First and foremost, they must be aware that true compliance with the EU GDPR can fail. Taking the next step, the Cloud Act also allows US authorities to arbitrarily gain access to all data of a company stored at a US partner or services provider – including business and enterprise secrets or information about IT Security measures.

Security-relevant Data should not leave the company

Companies, that sources IT security services such as Vulnerability Management from US providers and store sensitive data with them, should now take action. For a maximum of security, they should at least switch to a European partner, who only stores data in data centers within the EU. Finally, this raises the fundamental question of whether safety-related data should or have to leave the company at all. After all, there are certainly IT security service providers in the market whose solutions work exclusively within the company IT and do not transfer data either to the cloud or to the provider.

An example of this is our Greenbone Security Manager. It scans IT networks for vulnerabilities and forwards data and reports only within the secure enterprise network.

Cloud Act calls for action

Once again, the Cloud Act shows that the US attaches far less importance to privacy than the EU: while the Europeans consider data security as human rights, in the United States it is “only” a civil right – which therefore only refers to Americans. In the American legislation, the interest of European citizens will therefore continue to receive little or no consideration in future. Companies have to adjust that. They should use the Cloud Act as an opportunity to bring sensitive data outside the reach of American authorities. This can happen for example by switching to European or German service provider. However, the best option for IT security is to choose solutions in which sensitive data does not even leave the company.

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Being among the most widespread and biggest security gaps in IT history:

Spectre and Meltdown cause trouble worldwide

Currently, reports are accumulating about insecure processors that have been used for years. The two attack scenarios, Meltdown and Spectre exploit these vulnerabilities. Especially explosive: Every operating system on which more than one user is working is affected. Thus the “unprivileged user” is able to read each memory area of the RAM, as long as he can run the software at the system. An attacker can do this by placing malicious code on a website called from a web browser.

How massive the scale really is becomes clear when you realize that the vulnerability “Meltdown” affects every Intel-CPU since the Pentium II in 1997. Furthermore, “Spectre” affects ARM and AMD microprocessors. with similar influence to PCs, laptops, tablets, servers and smartphones. By taking advantage of these gaps, hackers are able to avoid barriers between user program and RAM to extract sensitive data such as passwords.

Cloud solutions are also affected: Office 360 or AWS data can be read by unauthorized users, as they usually are not encrypted in RAM. As long as Microsoft, Amazon and IBM have not patched and restarted their entire clouds, cloud applications should not be used for confidential information.

Greenbone‘s solution is protected

The Greenbone Security Manager is not affected by these vulnerabilities! Our authorization concept and system hardening does not allow users to exploit the proof-of-concept gap. In addition, since JAN 5th 2018 the security feed of our solution identifies unpatched systems and supports the user to quickly recognize and remediate the vulnerabilities.

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